实施农村综合性制度创新推进城乡经济社会协调发展

与众多解析我国城乡二元结构的视角不同,文章立足于剖析农村税费改革与城乡协调发展的内在联系,从统一城乡税制、公共财政覆盖农村等几个方面,论述了正在进行的农村税费改革对城乡二元结构的触动和撞击,揭示了农村税费改革对农村经济社会领域的重大而深远的影响。在提出解决路径和对策时,提出了与农村税费改革紧密相关的统一城乡税制、统筹城乡公共品供给、建立健全农村社会保障制度、完善农村土地制度和改革就业制度五个方面的政策选择。     

Foresters' beliefs about farmers: a priority for social science research in social forestry

This study suggests that one of the most productive (and most neglected) uses of social science research in forestry development projects is to examine foresters' beliefs regarding rural peoples. This suggestion is illustrated with data from the Forestry Planning and Development Project, Pakistan's first nation-wide social forestry project.The operational component of this project, intended to assist small farmers to cultivate trees on their farmlands, ran into immediate difficulties. Many of the foresters involved insisted that small farmers were simply not interested in tree cultivation. A comprehensive base-line study subsequently was carried out to examine the validity of this belief. The results of this study (confirmed by the subsequent experience with the project in the field) varied markedly from the foresters' beliefs.While many of the foresters believed small farmers were opposed to having trees on their farms and would not agree to plant trees under the project, most farmers already had trees on their farms and expressed interest in planting more; while many foresters believed farmers would only be interested in planting large blocks of market-oriented exotics, most farmers requested small plantings of multi-purpose native trees; while many foresters believed farmers would plant trees only for market sale, most farmers requested trees to meet household needs for fuel and timber; and while many foresters did not think that increasing supplies of fuelwood could reduce the burning of dung, all of the evidence provided by the farmers suggested that it would.The disparity between farmer reality and forester belief is attributed to failures on the part of both foresters and social scientists — failure by foresters to distinguish their non-empirical beliefs about farmers from their empirically-based knowledge of trees, and failure by social scientists to recognize the belief systems of foresters as a legitimate and important object of study. Their study comprises three parts: finding out what the foresters think the farmers want, finding out from the farmers what they actually want, and then analyzing and explaining the differences.     

银(银杏)桑(桑树)高效栽培模式

栽桑养蚕投资少、见效快，比较效益高，但受茧价波动等诸多因素的制约，大面积发展蚕桑生产难度较大，而且桑园的丰产期仅为二三十年。栽植银杏的效益既高又稳，一次定植，长期收益，但投产较晚，前5a几乎无收益。为将银杏和蚕桑两种产业实现优势互补，探索出银桑高效栽培模式。     

村民自助组织与社区森林恢复与保护的关系

作者从社会人类学的角度,阐述了森林周边社区的村民自助组织是社区森林可持续管理的重要载体的理论依据.作者以西双版纳热带森林恢复与保护项目为案例,深度剖析了村民自助组织的成立的过程和产生的作用.森林的有效管理有赖于当地社区的有效组织和集体行动,村民自助组织是开展集体行动、管理森林资源的一项必要的社会工程.作者认为建立村民自助组织是一项复杂的社会工程,是社区森林管理的必要条件,加强社会工程与森林的恢复与保护的联系,还需要社区组织对森林管理的进一步投入,进一步协调森林资源保护与发展创收活动的矛盾,同时,赋权的过程还需要宏观政策的支持和对村民自助组织的认识的提高.     

紫花苜蓿蓄水保土功能与经济效益分析

研究了退耕还林地种植的一年生紫花苜蓿蓄水保土功能并进行了经济效益分析。结果表明：在退耕还林地上种植紫花苜蓿可显著改善土壤的物理性状，增加土壤孔隙度，减少土壤容重，防止水土流失.减少土壤侵蚀作用十分显著。其茎叶持水率可达自身重量的34.3％，其根系大部分分布在0～30cm土层内。生物量为5.892t/hm^2，年产干草30.0～37.5t/hm^2，直接经济效益达18000～22500元/hm^2。其生态效益与经济效益均十分显著。     

尾叶桉MLA无性系林分不同施肥处理经济效益分析

对雷州林业局7种施肥处理的尾叶桉MLA无性系7年生与3年生林分进行经济效益分析，结果表明：最佳处理6(P300g/株 K300g/株 N150g/株)7年生时年均利润1528．1元41m2，比处理7(常规施肥，滤泥5000g/株 P250g/株 K100g/株 N100g/株，年均利润1452．6hm2)提高5．2％，比对照(不施肥，年均利润630．3元/hm^2)提高142．4％；3年生时处理6的年均利润为1605．5元/hm2，比处理7(年均利润1406．8hm2)提高14．1％，比对照(年均利润408．3元/hm2)提高293．2％；处理6的年均利润3年生时采伐比7年生时采伐提高5．1％；处理6和处理7在7年生时采伐，投资回收期均为10．3年，在3年生时采伐分别为8.0年与8．3年，3年生时采伐比7年生时采伐的投资回收期分别缩短2．3年与2．0年。     

链条锅炉的新型松煤装置

本文简单介绍了链条锅炉的一种新型松煤装置,燃烧的优越性及产生的经济效益。     

浙江省国有林场改制中的弱势群体保障问题研究

国有林场改制是利益关系的调整,必须重视对弱势群体的保护。本文在对浙江省国有林场职工利益现状调查的基础上,剖析国有林场社会保障方面存在问题,并提出相关建议。     

浑善达克沙地封育保护的生态经济效益评价

通过对兰旗北部五个不同沙地类型封育区的封育效果进行调查分析,沙地封育的生态经济效益较为明显,流动沙地经过五年的围栏封育,植被盖度增加近26倍,生物量提高18倍左右,固定平缓沙地通过5年的封育,植物盖度增长14%,生物量增加2.6倍,丘间低地经过1年的封育,植物盖度增长20%,生物量增加4倍以上。沙地生长的灌木树种通过保护,生长量及株丛数量大量增加。沙地封育不但能够起到防护效益和获得较高经济效益,而且见效快,便于经营,因此围栏封育是浑善达克沙地生产建设的有效措施之一。     

浅析完善中国森林生态效益补偿制度

随着地球人口的增加和人类活动的加剧,保护森林资源已经提上了各国的议事日程。而对于我国这样的一个贫林国家,森林资源的保护问题与森林生态效益的补偿就显得愈加迫切与重要。文章针对我国现有的森林生态效益补偿制度的沿革、存在的问题进行了分析,并提出我国森林生态效益补偿制度需进一步完善或创新。